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Applying the object--oriented paradigm to the development of software requires individuals and teams to think and act differently than when designing procedural projects. While proponents of the object paradigm often say identifying objects is a simple and intuitive process, experienced developers know that this is not always true. The solution is the CRC (Classes, Responsibilities, Collaboration) card method, a proven technique classes and visualizing and testing different class--based models during the design phase.
- Sales Rank: #1161604 in Books
- Published on: 1997-06-14
- Original language: English
- Number of items: 1
- Dimensions: 9.00" h x .70" w x 7.40" l, 1.19 pounds
- Binding: Paperback
- 320 pages
From the Back Cover
Applying the object-oriented paradigm to the development of software requires individuals and teams to think and act differently than when designing procedural projects. While proponents of the object paradigm often say identifying objects is a simple and intuitive process, experienced developers know that this is not always true. The solution is the CRC (Classes, Responsibilities, Collaboration) Card method, a proven technique for identifying classes and visualizing and testing different class-based models during the design phase.
The CRC Card Book covers the CRC method from start to finish, illustrating its application in three different in-depth case studies which supply tips and pointers drawn from real world experience. The case studies are presented in the engaging style of a novella to demonstrate how personalities and organizational culture come into play when using the CRC technique. C++, Java, and Smalltalk experts provide implementation examples in each language. The CRC Card Book demonstrates how to:
- Discover classes through team brainstorming
- Refine project requirements
- Test the conception of the system and evaluate potential paths of collaboration using role play
- Manage an object-oriented project
- Implement a CRC design in C++, Java, and Smalltalk; all source code is available via the World Wide Web.
Includes language implementation examples from such noted experts as:
- Java: Cay Horstman, San Jose State University
- Smalltalk: Larry Smith, IBM Corp.
- C++: Jeremy Raw, Interactive Software
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About the Author
David Bellin is Director of Graduate Studies in the Department of Computer Science at North Carolina A&T State University and consults internationally on object analysis and technical training with organizations such as Macy's, Universidad Nacional Autonomia de Mexico, and the United States government. He has received a Congressional Fulbright Award in computer science and an IBM Corporation University Partnership Award. Susan Suchman Simone is the President of Information Fountain Inc., specializing in technical writing and training. She has taught classes for Yourdon, Inc. and North Carolina State University and has developed training materials for companies across the country including Chase Manhattan Bank, New York Life, and Banamex.
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Excerpt. � Reprinted by permission. All rights reserved.
Applying the object-oriented paradigm in the development of software applications requires the individual developer and the application team to think and act quite differently than one would in approaching a procedures based project. Object-oriented projects follow a new software development life cycle, one that is both iterative and incremental, a cyclic spiral of analysis, design, and deployment. In this new application-development process, determining and defining properly the classes that are central to the desired system at the beginning of the life cycle is critical. Thorough analysis of the problem and good design up front saves time, and money and helps ensure a successful end result.
Although proponents of the object paradigm often say that identifying objects is a simple and intuitive process, a number of noted experts admit that this is not always true! Particularly with larger-scale applications, omitting a formal analysis of the base classes necessary to the application and the related analysis of their responsibilities and collaboration is certain to lead to missed schedules, blown budgets, and frayed nerves. The solution is to use the CRC process to determine the classes necessary to the system as part of the design process for the application. CRC (classes, responsibility, and collaboration) cards can be used to visualize and test different class-based models during the design phase. It is a proven technique used and advocated by leading methodologists.
The CRC Card Book demonstrates the use of the CRC methodology in a realistic team setting, covering the full range this methodology from initial identification of classes to the production of code based on these classes. At this writing, there are two other books on or incorporating coverage of CRC. Rebecca Wirfs-Brock wrote Designing Object-Oriented Software many years ago. It remains the classic definition of responsibility-driven design, but does not discuss the application of the technique in the team-oriented setting in which large-scale applications are developed. Nancy Wilkinson's book, Using CRC Cards, focuses specifically on the C++ programming community and likewise does not include any illustration of the team approach to class discovery.
The approach of The CRC Card Book is to cover the CRC method from start to finish, demonstrating its application in three different, detailed case-study examples while supplying tips and pointers throughout. The book demonstrates how real teams can use the CRC technique to accomplish a variety of tasks, including:
- Initially discovering classes
- Selecting the core classes
- Acting out class relationships and scenarios
- Refining the project requirements
- Furthering project management
- Serving as a guide to the design of code (in C++, Java, and Smalltalk)
The CRC Card Book is organized as follows: Brainstorming
We place special emphasis on the dynamics of team work, and how these dynamics are applied to the successful use of CRC. The first team strategy we suggest is brainstorming. We show how this applies to the task of finding classes and listing scenarios.
Role Plays
The second team strategy we recommend is role play. CRC cards provide a uniquely dynamic way of testing out your conception of the system and evaluating potential paths of collaboration. Role plays get everyone involved and invested in the system.
Case Studies
Three case studies are provided to help you visualize how the guidelines developed in the descriptive chapters might be applied in a real-life situation. All three case studies are based on real systems. They are presented in a dramatic, novella style to demonstrate more clearly how personalities and organizational culture come into play when a group is using the CRC technique. This is especially important in the context of brainstorming and role play. We hope that this approach not only will clarify the use of the method, but will provide a little entertainment along the way!
Implementations in Code
We also provide two examples of how our third case study, the control of automobile traffic intersections, might look when a programmer uses CRC cards as the basis for coding in Smalltalk, C++, and JAVA. Three experts in each language community joined with us to write this unique material.
Managing Object Analysis
Following the examination of role playing in the CRC method, we discuss the overall demands of managing an object-oriented project, along with suggestions as to useful metrics for monitoring the process, and for including legacy software in OO systems. We also provide some ideas for the transition from informal modeling with CRC cards to the use of a full-blown, formal methodology such as Schlaer-Mellor or the Unified Modeling Language. The final case study in the book provides additional insight into the application of these techniques.
Transition to Methodologies
In this concluding chapter we discuss the limitations of CRC cards and examine several popular and more comprehensive object-oriented analysis and design methodologies.
CRC Roadmap
Every chapter is full of useful tips, tricks, and pointers drawn from the real world. In addition to the various tables and lists in the text, we've collected these together in an appendix with pointers back into the book, so you can find things quickly when you need them.
Get to Work!
In The CRC Card Book, we have tried to distill a wide range of experiences and training tips for the use of CRC. We hope that some of it applies to all of you, and that all of it applies to some of you. Above all, remember, let CRC make your team work fun!
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Most helpful customer reviews
6 of 7 people found the following review helpful.
High-effective but fragile
By Maxim Masiutin
This book encourages better OO design and analysis, shows how to involve the entire team of developers to the design of the whole system. The authors also describe how to gain benefit from involving the user and other parties to the OO design process.
I was in OO development for five years and I was thinking about a solution which will improve the efficiency of OO design and help to avoid splitting the program between developers who create their own set of classes they are responsible for. Such splitting leads to integration problems and overall design imbalance. Fred Brooks has described this consequences in his famous book "The Mythical Man-Month", where the modules are being written first and integrated later, and the coordination of interfaces between modules written by each developer requires essential effort and time. The CRC Card Book shows how to have "the interfaces" coordinated in the very beginning.
However, the methodology described in this book is "fragile". As soon as it isn't followed by all of the developers, it became useless. But if it is followed, the results are amazing. The book, however, is not very easy to read and lack something which can attract the developers who are "neutral" to improving their way of creating OO programs. But, for the people who already have strong OO background and are seeking the way how to improve their efficiency significant, the book is a must-have.
13 of 14 people found the following review helpful.
Ideal for getting you started on "how to" identify Classes.
By George de la Torre
You want to know a great way on "how to" identify classes from any type of user requiremnets? Buy this book now!
A lot of OOA books like to tell how to design from start to finish. However, some (most) of us are thrown in some obligatory process without consent. CRC will bridge the gap on getting your Classes defined.
Also, CRC works well for "Use Cases". I use CRC after a good Use Case session for Class Diagrams. Some prefer to do CRC before Use Cases. That's the beauty, CRC can be injected anywhere you deem fit.
And, finally, this book will get you "thinking in objects" fast!
2 of 3 people found the following review helpful.
Informal down to earth technique for everybody
By Rick Elbers
This book and the stream of thought it stems from is one of the most influental in OO software engineering. It focuses on sharing responsibility in a system. It takes into account the obvious parallels between software teams and their software systems.
The technique itself can be very enjoyable and if you can convince very formal people to use it, it will change their lives, much more then any formal OO methodology will do. CRC Cards make you live software systems! This should be the first experience of everybody who wants to learn OO. You can even use it to explain your work to your kids:-)
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